The handbook of north american indians 1911

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Jefferson himself collected and arranged the MSS. After Jefferson came Albert Gallatin, who had been his secretary of the treasury, as a student of American Indian languages in the larger sense. He had also himself collected a number of Indian vocabularies. But the monograph is a very good first attempt at classifying North American Indian languages. Gallatin's coloured map of the distribution of the Indian tribes in question is also a pioneer piece of work. He gives also linguistic map, modified somewhat from that of Gallatin.

The next work of great importance in American comparative philology is Horatio Hale's monograph forming the sixth volume Phila. Navy," which added much to our knowledge of the languages of the Indians of the Pacific coast regions. In he contributed a brief paper to the third volume of Schoolcraft's Information Respecting the History, Condition and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States, adding to the "families" already recognized by him the following: Cumanches, Gros Ventres, Kaskaias, Kiaways, Natchitoches, Towiacks, Ugaljachmutzi.

Some modifications in the original list were also made. During the periodmany contributions to the classification of the Indian languages of North America, those of the west and the north-west in particular, were made by Gibbs, Latham, Turner, Buschmann, Hayden, Dall, Powers, Powell and Gatschet. The next important step, and the most scientific, was taken by Major J. Powell, who contributed to the Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, his classic monograph pp.

With these two works the adoption of language as the means of distinction and classification of the American aborigines north of Mexico for scientific purposes became fixed.

Powell, using the vocabulary as the test of relationship or difference, enumerated, in the area considered, 58 separate linguistic stocks, or families of speech, each " as distinct from one another in their vocabularies and apparently in their origin as from the Aryan or the Scythian families " p. This has been the working-list of students of American Indian languages, but since its appearance the scientific investigations of Boas, Gatschet, Dorsey, Fletcher, Mooney, Hewitt, Hale, Morice, Henshaw, Hodge, Matthews, Kroeber, Dixon, Goddard, Swanton and others have added much to our knowledge, and not a few serious modifications of Powell's classification have resulted.

With Powell's monograph was published a coloured map showing the distribution of all the linguistic stocks of Indians north of Mexico. Of this a revised edition accompanies the Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico, published by the Bureau of American Ethnology in , now the standard book of reference on the subject.

The chief modifications made in Powell's list are as follows: The temporary presence in a portion of south-west Florida of a new stock, the Arawakan, is now proved. The Adaizan language has been shown to belong to the Caddoan family; the Natchez to the Muskogian; the Palaihnian to the Shastan; the Piman to the Shoshonian.

The nomenclature of Powell's classification has never been completely satisfactory to American philologists, and a movement is now well under way see Amer. In the present article the writer has adopted some of the suggestions made by a committee of the American Anthropological Society in , covering several of the points in question. Most of N. North America, between lat. On the lower Red River, or, perhaps, somewhere to the S. On the N. III N.

California, on Trinity river, N. Practically extinct; in only 9 individu a I s reported living. Ocean; on the coast, N. North America in earlier times possibly consider- ablyfarthersouth.