Virus caused low thyroid

Acute suppurative thyroiditis with thyroid abscess by Klebsiella pneumoniae : An unusual presentation. Indian J Crit Care Med.

Shrestha RT, Hennessey J. Endotext [Internet]. Thyroid Abscess: Challenges in Diagnosis and Management. Case Rep Med. Actively scan device characteristics for identification. Use precise geolocation data. Select personalised content. Create a personalised content profile. Measure ad performance. Select basic ads. Create a personalised ads profile. Select personalised ads. Apply market research to generate audience insights. Measure content performance.

Develop and improve products. List of Partners vendors. Table of Contents View All. Table of Contents. Thyroid Disease Doctor Discussion Guide Get our printable guide for your next healthcare provider's appointment to help you ask the right questions. Download PDF. Email the Guide Send to yourself or a loved one. Sign Up. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What are your concerns? Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles.

Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Related Articles. Strep Throat: Signs, Symptoms, and Complications. How a Sinus Infection Is Diagnosed. What Is Thyroiditis? Infections That Cause Headaches and a Fever. How Meningitis Is Diagnosed. How Mumps Is Diagnosed. Only one case report of infection has been reported in international literature. A year old woman had of long-term fever associated with a biologic inflammatory syndrome which was reported as due to EBV infection because of a positive EBV serology.

There was a dramatic improvement after thyroidectomy with normalization of inflammatory parameters. The role of EBV infection in the process of this unusual form of Riedel's thyroiditis was suspected [ ]. Thyroid lymphomas are nearly always of the non-Hodgkin's type. Hodgkin's lymphoma of the thyroid is exceedingly rare. Preexisting chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is the only known risk factor for primary thyroid lymphoma, and is present in about one-half of patients [ ].

Epstein-Barr virus EBV is found in many lymphomas. The clinicopathological characteristics in the Hong Kong Chinese population and the presence of EBV in thyroid lymphomas were analyzed by reviewing data collected over three decades. EBV gene expression by in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed. Primary thyroid lymphomas were found in 23 patients and secondary lymphomas were found in 9 patients. In-situ hybridization revealed positive signals in the nucleus of lymphoma cells, which also expressed latent membrane protein-1 [ ].

EBV-related mRNA presence was investigated in 32 cases of malignant lymphoma of the thyroid by in-situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. A patient with autoimmune thyroiditis had a transitory recurrence of her goiter during pregnancy with TPOAb becoming strongly positive. Six months post partum she had a subacute thyroiditis. Serology established the diagnosis of viral thyroiditis due to a Coxsackie-B virus.

Two months later the goiter showed further growth, in association with cervical lymphadenopathy and an enlarged left parotid gland. Histology revealed a primary thyroid lymphoma. A study was carried out to examine whether thyroid non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in an area in which ATL is endemic is also exclusively of B-cell type. Eight cases with thyroid non-Hodgkin's lymphoma admitted to the hospital situated in an ATL-endemic area were studied.

Immunophenotypic study revealed all but one case to be of B-cell nature The T-cell type lymphoma case also had antibodies against HTLV-1 in the serum [ ]. Lymphomas are frequent in HCV-infected patients but no thyroid lymphoma has been reported in these patients[ ]. Two cases of thyroid lymphoma have been described in HIV-infected patients.

The first is a year old woman with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS who presented a severe thyrotoxicosis and a markedly enlarged, diffuse, tender goiter.

The patient died within days of her presentation. At autopsy, near-complete replacement of the thyroid gland with anaplastic large cell lymphoma was found, without coexisting infectious or autoimmune processes in the gland [ ]. The second case was a child with vertical transmission-acquired HIV, presenting with lymphomatous infiltration of the thyroid gland at diagnosis [ ].

Identifying etiological infections in human disease is difficult. Besides the fact that organ tissue is not always available for direct study, the interpretation of virological data must be cautious.

The presence of antibodies directed towards a virus does not prove that this pathogen is responsible for the disease, especially when the agent is common in the general population. On the other hand, the absence of viral markers at the onset of the disease does not refute the viral hypothesis. Indeed the triggering infection can take place many years previously. A triggering virus can be cleared from the body without any virological trace except the presence of specific antibodies.

It is relevant to look for viral agents in tissues in which they can persist without systemic manifestation. A viral disease is the result of an interaction between a virus and the host, in which the genetic background plays a role. Therefore, it cannot be excluded that a virus plays a role in a disease even though most infected individuals do not show any sign of disease.

RD and DH conceived and wrote the review. Authors read and approved the final manuscript. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Virol J v. Virol J. Published online Jan Rachel Desailloud 1, 2 and Didier Hober 1. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

Corresponding author. Rachel Desailloud: rf. Received Dec 8; Accepted Jan This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Viral infections are frequently cited as a major environmental factor involved in subacute thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroid diseases This review examines the data related to the role of viruses in the development of thyroiditis.

Background Viral infections are frequently cited as a major environmental factor implicated in subacute thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroid diseases [ 1 ]. Table 1 Evidence for infection in subacute thyroiditis. Open in a separate window. Table 2 Evidence for infection in Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis. Table 3 Evidence for infection in Grave's disease. Conclusion Identifying etiological infections in human disease is difficult. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions RD and DH conceived and wrote the review. The environment and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Eur J Endocrinol. Clinical characteristics of patients with subacute thyroiditis before treatment. Intern Med. Cellular composition of subacute thyroiditis: an immunohistochemical study of six cases. Pathol Res Pract. Thyroiditis: current views of pathogenesis.

Med Clin North Am. High prevalence of subacute thyroiditis during summer season in Italy. J Endocrinol Invest. An outbreak of thyrotoxicosis due to atypical subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Subacute de Quervain's thyroiditis: association with HLA-Bw35 antigen and abnormalities of the complement system, immunoglobulins and other serum proteins. Familial occurrence of subacute thyroiditis associated with human leukocyte antigen-B Recurrence of subacute thyroiditis over 10 years after the first attack in three cases.

Endocrinol Jpn. Influence of genetic factors on the susceptibility to HBV infection, its clinical pictures, and responsiveness to HBV vaccination. Arch Immunol Ther Exp Warsz ; 53 — Influence of host genes on HIV-1 disease progression.

Faseb J. T lymphocyte responses against human parvovirus B small virus, big response. Pathol Biol Paris ; 50 — Virus-like particles in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid from a patient with subacute thyroiditis de Quervain's Acta Pathol Jpn. Letter: Viral antibodies in thyrotoxicosis.

Isolation and some serological and epidemiological data on the viruses recovered from patients with subacute thyroiditis de Quervain. Med Microbiol Immunol. Morphological, cytological and biological observations on viruses isolated from patients with subacute thyroiditis de Quervain. Acta Virol. Isolation of foamy virus from patients with de Quervain thyroiditis. No evidence of spumaretrovirus infection markers in 19 cases of De Quervain's thyroiditis.

Human foamy virus antigens in thyroid tissue of Graves' disease patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. Markers of foamy virus infections in monkeys, apes, and accidentally infected humans: appropriate testing fails to confirm suspected foamy virus prevalence in humans.

Multiple integrations of human foamy virus in persistently infected human erythroleukemia cells. J Virol. Mumps virus and subacute thyroiditis. Evidence of a causal association. Thyroiditis as a presenting feature of mumps. Pediatr Infect D. Circulating viral and thyroid antibodies in subacute thyroiditis. Coxsackie thyroiditis. Ann Intern Med. Evaluation of infectious etiology in subacute thyroiditis—lack of association with coxsackievirus infection. Subacute thyroiditis associated with positive antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus.

An Med Interna. Atypical subacute thyroiditis caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection in a three-year-old girl. An infant with cytomegalovirus-induced subacute thyroiditis. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. Failure in detection of Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in specimen obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid in patients with subacute thyroiditis.

Tohoku J Exp Med. Silent thyroiditis following rubella. The management of subacute de Quervain's thyroiditis. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty year follow-up of the Whickam Survey. Clinical Endocrinology Oxf ; 43 — Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity. Endocrine Rev. Infection and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease.

Serological evidence of thyroid autoimmunity among schoolchildren in two different socioeconomic environments. Thyrocytes express a functional toll-like receptor 3: overexpression can be induced by viral infection and reversed by phenylmethimazole and is associated with Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis.

Mol Endocrinol. Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol. Seasonal variation in relapse rate of graves' disease after thionamide drug treatment. Endocr J. Does infection initiate Graves disease? A population based 10 year study. The geographical distribution of thyrotoxicosis in England according to the presence or absence of TSH-receptor antibodies. Clin Endocrinol Oxf ; 23 — Seasonality of month of birth of patients with Graves' and Hashimoto's diseases differ from that in the general population.

Persistent thyroid autoimmunity after subacute thyroiditis. J Clin Lab Immunol. The sonographical and functional sequelae of de Quervain's subacute thyroiditis: long-term follow-up. Acta Endocrinol Copenh ; — Graves' disease with thyrotoxicosis following subacute thyroiditis. Am J Med. Thyrotoxicosis following acute thyroiditis: a report of five cases. Graves' disease following acute subacute thyroiditis. TSH receptor antibody-associated thyroid dysfunction following subacute thyroiditis.

Clin Endocrinol Oxf ; 48 — Previous exposure to measles, mumps, and rubella—but not vaccination during adolescence—correlates to the prevalence of pancreatic and thyroid autoantibodies.

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 gene polymorphisms and human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 infection: their associations with Hashimoto thyroiditis in Japanese patients. Clin Endocrinol Oxf ; 45 — Human T cell leukemia virus type I-infected patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. J Mol Med. Human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated uveitis in patients with Graves' disease treated with methylmercaptoimidazole. Severe graves ophthalmopathy accompanied by HTLVassociated uveitis HAU and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related vasculitis: a case report and a review of the literature of HAU with Graves disease.

Am J Med Sci. Provirus load in patients with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 uveitis correlates with precedent Graves' disease and disease activities. Jpn J Cancer Res. Int J Hematol.

HIV and autoimmunity. Overall, the results of this study indicated that abnormal thyroid function is common in patients with COVID, particularly hyperthyroidism, and that TSH suppression appears to be associated with higher levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL Although more research is needed, these investigators suggest that COVID associated with systemic immune activation may possibly cause thyroid inflammation and result in hyperthyroidism.

Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. Epub Jul Patients with pre-existing thyroid disorders were excluded, therefore, data from 78 patients in the COVID group and 85 in the control group was analyzed. The patients had serum thyroid function tests measured within the first 2 days after their ICU admission. Serum C-reactive protein CRP was also measured; this is a general marker of inflammation, which increases in subacute thyroiditis. The hyperthyroid patients had low serum TSH levels, while serum free T 4 levels remained within normal range and were similar in both groups.

Serum free T 3 levels were low and similar in both groups. No patient reported neck pain, which is usually associated with an episode of subacute thyroiditis. Among the patients from the COVID group who were followed-up after discharge, 6 patients with initial thyroid tests showing hyperthyroidism had normal thyroid function tests 1.

Some of these patients had a thyroid ultrasound and scan, which showed clear evidence of thyroiditis. This supports the idea that the abnormal thyroid function tests noted in COVID patients could be secondary to subacute thyroiditis. The low TSH levels appear to be associated with higher levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 in the Lania study while the Muller study observed that a substantial proportion of COVID patients requiring intensive care have low TSH levels initially, possibly suggestive of the hyperthyroid phase of subacute thyroiditis.

Although more research is needed, these studies suggest that COVID associated with systemic immune activation may possibly cause thyroid inflammation and result in hyperthyroidism or thyroiditis.